Introduction
The issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performance, Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are at the forefront of the challenges corporations, investors and government are facing. To a large extent, the need for CSR stems from the externalities caused by firms, organizations and individual productive and consumption activities. We first examine these problems of externalities and review how market, non-market, and ethics based solutions can be used under different conditions. We investigate the practical steps firms and organizations need to undertake to incorporate sustainability in the management of their operations and their investment decisions. We discuss the alternative institutional mechanisms open to shareholders, institutional investors and stakeholders to effect CSR and sustainability focused management practices. We examine alternative ways through which finance innovations can help achieve individual returns and benefits, economic development and social impact or for social enterprises to gain financial sustainability. We analyze the role of fiduciary duty in helping align board and manager behavior to shareholders and stakeholders priorities.